Atomic Energy Act of 1946 (McMahon Act) having prohibited exporting atomic knowledge, even to countries that had collaborated on the Manhattan Project. This anticipated a government decision in January 1947 to authorise research and development work on atomic weapons, the U.S. Britain's atom bomb programme began with Air Staff Operational Requirement OR.1001 issued in August 1946. The origin of the Vulcan and the other V bombers is linked with early British atomic weapon programme and nuclear deterrent policies. Silhouettes of an early Avro 698 concept and the cancelled Avro 710 B.2 XH558 flew for the last time in October 2015, and is also being kept in taxiable condition. In the final years of service, six Vulcans were converted to the K.2 tanker configuration for aerial refueling.Īfter retirement by the RAF, one example, B.2 XH558, named The Spirit of Great Britain, was restored for use in display flights and air shows, whilst two other B.2s, XL426 and XM655, have been kept in taxiable condition for ground runs and demonstrations. In the mid-1970s, nine Vulcans were adapted for maritime radar reconnaissance operations, redesignated as B.2 (MRR). A change to low-level tactics was made in the mid-1960s.
Electronic countermeasures were employed by the B.1 (designated B.1A) and B.2 from around 1960. The Vulcan had no defensive weaponry, initially relying upon high-speed, high-altitude flight to evade interception. Although the Vulcan was typically armed with nuclear weapons, it could also carry out conventional bombing missions, which it did in Operation Black Buck during the Falklands War between the United Kingdom and Argentina in 1982. As a part of the V-force, the Vulcan was the backbone of the United Kingdom's airborne nuclear deterrent during much of the Cold War. The B.2 featured more powerful engines, a larger wing, an improved electrical system, and electronic countermeasures, and many were modified to accept the Blue Steel missile. The Vulcan B.1 was first delivered to the RAF in 1956 deliveries of the improved Vulcan B.2 started in 1960. Several reduced-scale aircraft, designated Avro 707s, were produced to test and refine the delta-wing design principles. Of the three V bombers produced, the Vulcan was considered the most technically advanced, hence the riskiest option. Roe and Company ( Avro) designed the Vulcan in response to Specification B.35/46. ***Rubber gaskets included with pump*** Typical Applicationsĭesigned for domestic water or open-loop heating applications like radiant heating, baseboard and other systems.The Avro Vulcan (later Hawker Siddeley Vulcan from July 1963) is a jet-powered, tailless, delta-wing, high-altitude, strategic bomber, which was operated by the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1956 until 1984. This helps to ensure that everyone in the household has “instant” hot water at the tap when they need it. Armstrong Astro 230 hot water re-circulation systems automatically circulate water through domestic hot water distribution pipes. It is designed with no mechanical seals or couplers to replace, and no lubrication is required. Armstrong's Astro Circulator is intended for circulating water or ethylene glycol solutions in closed hydronic or solar heating systems.
The Armstrong Astro 230 is a hydronic circulator that conserves energy and eliminates maintenance.